Optical fiber and
emerging modulation schemes are making it possible to transmit ever-larger
amounts of data through fiber-optic pipes. Recent industry demonstrations and
government research efforts also have demonstrated novel approaches for moving
more data through optical fiber networks as well as boosting the efficiency of
scare spectrum.
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Researchers reported
during a recent industry conference that they achieved a new data-transmission
efficiency record over a transatlantic cable using a framework called 16-QAM,
for quadrature amplitude modulation. Engineers from Facebook and networking
vendor Infinera said they achieved data rates of up to 26.2 terabits per second
over the MAREA cable that runs between Virginia and Spain.
The current bandwidth
capacity of 6,600-km cable had been pegged at up to 20 terabits per second on
each of eight fiber pairs.
The industry engineers
told IEEE Spectrum this week theirs’ was the first demonstration of 16-QAM on a
transatlantic cable. The majority of traffic carried by those data pipes
originates from datacenters.
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The demonstration was
significant because it illustrated how modulation techniques like 16-QAM can be
used to divvy up signals to squeeze more efficiency from a finite amount of
bandwidth.
In the case of 16-QAM,
4-bit code can be modulated to have 16 values—”0000,” “0001” and so on, up to
“1111”. This partitioning allows each value to transmit multiple bits per
second for each modulation interval. Hence, Infinera’s new transmitting and
receiving equipment based on 16-QAM modulation was able to achieve 6.21 bits
per second transmission per channel.
The transatlantic cable
demonstration expands on earlier photonics research that seeks to leverage to
the potential of 16-QAM and other modulation schemes. For example, the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency launched a photonics initiative last year that
seeks to integrate high-capacity optical signaling technology onto multichip
modules. Photonics in the Package for Extreme Scalability, or PIPES, is part of
DARPA’s $1.5 billion Electronics Resurgence Initiative.
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Using optical rather
than electrical components for data transfer is increasingly seen as a reliable
approach for reducing power consumption while increasing data capacity and
reducing latency.
“Efficient photonic
signaling offers a path to disruptive system scalability because it eliminates
the need to keep data local, and it promises to impact data-intensive
applications, including machine learning, large scale emulation and advanced
sensors,” Gordon Keeler, a DARPA program manager, noted in announcing PIPES.
In one scenario, DARPA
officials said teams demonstrate how 15 software-defined radios could share the
same frequency bands and “figure out how they are going to cooperate.” In the
DARPA demonstration, 16-QAM was used to improve spectrum efficiency.
“They learned how to
communicate using 16-QAM without being programmed, [doing so] in less than a
minute,” said William Chappell, hard of DARPA’s Microelectronics Technology
Office. “This means that systems that weren’t coordinated have the ability to
learn how to interact.”
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